Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Rehabilitation :: Legal Issues, Drug Courts, Probation
Walker cites the National Academy of Sciences stating that rehabilitation is â€Å"any planned intervention that reduces an offender’s further criminal activity (Walker 251).†Walker breaks down rehabilitation models into two groups, the new and the old groups. The new groups that Walker suggests may have some positive hope are reentry programs, and drug courts. The old groups include probation, parole, and other reintegration programs. Worrall has a similar definition of rehabilitation, stating that â€Å"rehabilitation consist of a planned intervention intended to change behavior (Worrall 40). He similarly assesses several of these programs and reaches similar conclusions as Walker. Drug courts are specialized courts that focus on substance abuse. Generally offenders are offered the chance at skipping prison or jail sentences if they successfully complete a substance abuse treatment program (Walker 275). Walker assesses drug courts, when they are well managed and designed carefully, as being promising as possibly lowering recidivism (Walker 277). Worrall reached similar conclusions, stating that while much of the research into the effectiveness of drug courts has suffered from design limitations, they have shown reductions in recidivism (Worrall 168). Reentry programs try and take a fresh look at sending prisoners back into society after revamped educational and counseling programs (Walker 363). Unfortunately there is not a lot of evidence that these programs reduce recidivism rates (Walker 363) Walker concludes that the evidence is inconclusive, programs are in their early stages, and more research is necessary due to the current crisis of so many prisoners be ing released (Walker 363). Probation is where offenders receive supervision and treatment in the community rather than in a correctional setting (Walker 255). Walker assesses probation as necessary and appropriate for many offenders. However he also state that most probation programs fail, and that there is no evidence that one probation program is more effective than another (Walker 257). This is due to several reasons, first probationers largely receive no treatment, only supervision, and even this supervision is often very intermittent, and there are quality control issues with both treatments and supervision (Walker 256). Parole is the most classic example of a reintegration program, and it involves releasing a prisoner early back into the community, usually under some type of treatment and supervision, similar to probation (Walker 257). Besides trying to rehabilitate offenders, parole also serves several other purposes, such as giving prisoners an incentive to behave well, giving the corrections system a tool to control prisoners, and serves as a way to deal with prison overcrowding (Walker 257).
Monday, August 19, 2019
Stem Cell Research: Scientific Advancement vs. Human Rights Essay
Introduction to Stem Cells As improvements in scientific technology and techniques allow for better observations and insights into the natural world, so to do advancements in medical research occur on a seemingly daily basis. On such research topic that has found itself the center of a global debate is the issue of stem cell research. Hailed by some as one of the most dynamic areas of research ever to exist, it is thought to be the next big â€Å"revolution†in medicine, surpassing even the advent of anesthesia and antibiotics (Towns, 2004). Though the reputation does not come without controversy, stem cell research can be found in the headlines of news publications for changes in policy or position on the topic equally as much as breakthroughs in research. With the recent death of former President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy’s pledge to find a cure for the debilitating Alzheimer’s disease from which he suffered, stem cell research became a leading domestic issue in the President race of 2004. Defined as â€Å"unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division†and â€Å"under certain physiological or experimental conditions. . . can be induced to become cells with special functions,†stem cells hold the key to many developmental mysteries for biologist (National, 2002). Originally described by Owen in 1945 when studying chimerism in a pair of twin cows (Cogle, 2003), stems cell research has gained momentum since the mid 1970’s culminating with the first successful culturing of human embryonic stem cells in November 1998 at the University of Wisconsin. Scientists currently working with both animal and human stem cells are currently working at identifying the factors behind stem cells’ ability to remain u... ...Reproductive BioMedicine Online. Jun2003, Vol. 6 Issue 4, p438. Theodosius. â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research in the perspective of Orthodox Christianity.†Orthodox Church in America. (Website). Last Updated 10/17/2001. http://www.oca.org/pages/ocaadmin/documents/Pastoral-Letters/2001-Stem-Cell-Research.html Towns, C. R.; Jones, D. G. â€Å"Stem cells, embryos, and the environment: a context for both science and ethics.†Journal of Medical Ethics. Aug2004, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p410-13. University of Wisconson. â€Å"Embryonic Stem Cells: Research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.†(Website). http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/. Vogel, Gretchen. â€Å"Can Adult Stem Cells Suffice?†Science. 06/08/2001 , Vol. 292 Issue 5523, p1820-22. Vogel, Gretchen. â€Å"Regulations Constrain Stem Cell Research Across the Globe.†Science. 8/9/2002 , Vol. 297 Issue 5583, p924 Stem Cell Research: Scientific Advancement vs. Human Rights Essay Introduction to Stem Cells As improvements in scientific technology and techniques allow for better observations and insights into the natural world, so to do advancements in medical research occur on a seemingly daily basis. On such research topic that has found itself the center of a global debate is the issue of stem cell research. Hailed by some as one of the most dynamic areas of research ever to exist, it is thought to be the next big â€Å"revolution†in medicine, surpassing even the advent of anesthesia and antibiotics (Towns, 2004). Though the reputation does not come without controversy, stem cell research can be found in the headlines of news publications for changes in policy or position on the topic equally as much as breakthroughs in research. With the recent death of former President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy’s pledge to find a cure for the debilitating Alzheimer’s disease from which he suffered, stem cell research became a leading domestic issue in the President race of 2004. Defined as â€Å"unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division†and â€Å"under certain physiological or experimental conditions. . . can be induced to become cells with special functions,†stem cells hold the key to many developmental mysteries for biologist (National, 2002). Originally described by Owen in 1945 when studying chimerism in a pair of twin cows (Cogle, 2003), stems cell research has gained momentum since the mid 1970’s culminating with the first successful culturing of human embryonic stem cells in November 1998 at the University of Wisconsin. Scientists currently working with both animal and human stem cells are currently working at identifying the factors behind stem cells’ ability to remain u... ...Reproductive BioMedicine Online. Jun2003, Vol. 6 Issue 4, p438. Theodosius. â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research in the perspective of Orthodox Christianity.†Orthodox Church in America. (Website). Last Updated 10/17/2001. http://www.oca.org/pages/ocaadmin/documents/Pastoral-Letters/2001-Stem-Cell-Research.html Towns, C. R.; Jones, D. G. â€Å"Stem cells, embryos, and the environment: a context for both science and ethics.†Journal of Medical Ethics. Aug2004, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p410-13. University of Wisconson. â€Å"Embryonic Stem Cells: Research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.†(Website). http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/. Vogel, Gretchen. â€Å"Can Adult Stem Cells Suffice?†Science. 06/08/2001 , Vol. 292 Issue 5523, p1820-22. Vogel, Gretchen. â€Å"Regulations Constrain Stem Cell Research Across the Globe.†Science. 8/9/2002 , Vol. 297 Issue 5583, p924
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Subjects for Other Conversations :: essays research papers
Categorized Poems from Subjects for other Conversations      In John Stigall’s book, Subjects for Other Conversations, all of the thirty-seven poems can be placed into one of five different categories. These categories include sadness, racism, happiness, sex, and religion.      Sadness, the first category, includes ten of the thirty seven poems. These poems express hate, anger, and depression about many things in life, from growing old to losing a child. These poems are â€Å"Poem on Turning Forty,†â€Å"Poem on Turning Forty-Five,†â€Å"Blues,†â€Å"Impromptu,†â€Å"Into the Life of This World,†â€Å"Some People,†â€Å"The Revenant,†â€Å"In the Bibleblack Air,†â€Å"Approaching,†and â€Å"Final Approach†. In Stigall’s poem, â€Å"Poem on Turning Forty,†he talks about how women aren’t as attracted to him now. And you can tell he’s depressed about growing old. The poem â€Å"Into the Life of This World,†talks about losing a child at birth. Stigall’s light use of words, such as perfect, calm, and silent agony, shows that this poem is full of intense emotions and sadness. I. At thirty-three, too young to be sickened into the light, my father’s body-perfect, calm-forms a fetal curl about its silent agony. His eyes, suggestive & articulate, explain. The light wanes II.           Silent, I refuse the firsts breaths (cradled in                the light). My           body- stillborn, calm, numb from the canal-appears           deaf, dumb See the physician & my mourning mother curl over me, warping my flesh, weeping, praying me into the life of this world (30)      The next category is racism. These three poems describe how racism still exists today. The poems show how hateful people can be towards someone of a different race. These poems are â€Å"December/ January,†â€Å"Brazil Nuts,†and â€Å"Up in Dixie†. In all three of these poems, Stigall never seems to show any anger. He just tells of his experiences in plain and simple terms. In â€Å"Brazil Nuts,†Stigall talks about how when he was a child, how he never questioned racism. But now as a man he doesn’t understand why racism hasn’t gone away. When I was a Child I understood as a child I did not question as a child I accepted as a child           But when I became a man the old folks down south still call them Nigger Toes (39)      Four of Stigall’s thirty-seven poems can be put into the category happiness. These four poems are light and pleasant. They talk about things such as music, people and Stigall’s children. These poems are â€Å"This Sabbath Afternoon,†â€Å"No 3 Tanka,†â€Å"If the Past Ever Existed,†and â€Å"†101 West 123Rd Street†. In â€Å"This Sabbath Afternoon†, Stigall talks about watching his children playing.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Legal Aspects of Health Care Administration
In the practice of Health Care Administration, there is an organizational hierarchy that is followed. This organizational hierarchy dictates the way duties and responsibilities are spread out over the vast number of job descriptions available at the healthcare center.Since these duties and responsibilities are given to specific healthcare providers and professionals, it is important that they all understand what the scope of their practice covers. Scope of practice, as defined by Joyce Mitchell and Lee Haroun in their textbook Introduction to Healthcare refers to a healthcare professional â€Å"understanding exactly what one is legally allowed to do in one's profession.†Scope of practice defines the parameters by which a healthcare professional can perform certain procedures, actions, and details. Such duties are usually limited by the medical education and training that one receives both in the classroom and clinical experience. As such, the medical professional is expected to display a certain amount of competency as certified by the local state regulation exams and certifications.The Healthcare Professions Council also defines scope of practice in terms of a statement of tasks. â€Å"Scope of practice statements describe in general terms what a profession does and how it does it. On the other hand, reserved acts, defined as those â€Å"tasks and services involving a significant risk of harm,†need to be restricted, and may only be performed by professions to whom they are, on a non-exclusive basis, assigned, and so long as those performing them are acting within the scope of practice of their profession.†As such, the scope of practice can vary from state to state although the general essence of the law remains constant in order for the public to understand the governing regulations pertaining to scope of practice.Due to the gravity of the responsibility attached to each medical practitioner's position in the organization, it is ver y important for organizations and healthcare managers to specifically define and develop the responsibilities of each person who is a member of the medical staff. Each member must know exactly what duties, responsibilities, and functions are expected of him and one must never over step those boundaries.It is highly important for each medical professional's role to be defined and delegated to the right medical professional because of each function spells the difference between life and death for the client. Therefore, the healthcare administrator or Nurse Manager must, according to Helen A. Schaag, MSN, MA, RN, author of the paper on The Role of the Nurse Manager in Maintaining Quality and Managing Risk: (1) hold other RN team members accountable for appropriate delegation, and (2) hold team members accountable for the implementation of their delegated actions, provide the appropriate feedback to team members. The healthcare administrators assume all responsibility for tasks delegate d to team members. Each team member must be allowed to perform his or her outlined task at any given opportunity, but within supervision of the healthcare administrator.Once the scope of a medical practitioner's practice is violated in any way, the said healthcare professional is liable for his actions. Let us not forget that the main responsibility of a healthcare professional is to â€Å"Do no harm†. This is why a healthcare professional must only function within the boundaries set by his scope of practice. The ultimate result of the act of overstepping the boundaries of one's scope of responsibilities becomes legal in some instances.Negligence is a case that stems from an incorrectly executed action, even if under supervision, by a person who is not legally allowed to perform such methods. Healthcare professionals train for years before being given a license to perform any procedures. Therefore, they are held in higher regard than someone who has not completed the same lev el of training is.This act of negligence is commonly termed within the medical field as Malpractice. This implies a failure on the part of the medical professional to perform his duties within a certain mandated skill as displayed by persons of his training status. This usually results in injury, loss, or damage to the patient and his relatives.In any organization, the employers carry command responsibility for the actions of their employees. In the medical field, this is termed as Respondent Superior. What this means according to Mitchell and Haroun, as excerpted from the book, Introduction to Healthcare is that, †(1) A physician could be held liable for the consequences of a medical assistant administering the wrong medication, and (2) A patient suffering injuries from a fall caused by incompetence of a physical therapist assistant could be awarded damages (money to compensate for injury or loss). The supervising therapist could be financially responsible. â€Å"Therefore, the scope of practice of a healthcare professional is non-transferable due to the various life threatening and legal implications that may arise from such actions.Work CitedMitchell, Joyce and Haroun, Lee. 2005. Introduction to Healthcare. Singapore. Thomson-DelmarSchaag, Helen A. 2001. The Role of the Nurse Manager in Maintaining Quality and Managing Risk. ANA Nurse Risking Management Services. Retrieved March 17, 2007 from http://nursingworld.org/mods/archive/mod311/cerm204.htmScope of Practice Review. Part I – Volume 1. July 21, 2005. Health Professions Council. Retrieved March 18, 2007 from http://www.healthservices.gov.bc.ca/leg/hpc/review/part-i/scope-review.html
Friday, August 16, 2019
Debut Albums and Unselfish Good Deed
Happiness in her Eyes Life is not always all about receiving; sometimes, we have to think of others, and give back. This summer for instance, I performed a very unselfish good deed that I will never forget. When someone hears â€Å"good deed†one might automatically think that it is giving clothes to the naked, feeding the hunger, or donating blood to Red Cross. My unselfish good deed, however, was far from all those things. Over the two months of summer, I had the pleasure to accompany and assist my pregnant mom.Growing up, my mom has never told me to do the laundry, clean my room, or cook. I have never picked up a broom, or dusted one shelf. But since my mom is old and with child, I thought to myself that I should not second guess whether or not I should give her a helping hand. I did chores around the house like no other. I even remember turning down a couple of friends to go to the movies, just so I can stay home and make sure that my mom is secure and not worrying about a nything but herself and my soon to come baby sister.Without my mom saying a word, I could tell that she was very proud of me. I saw happiness in her eyes when she saw me doing the right thing without her having to peep a peep. And personally, I was more than delighted for what I have done over summer. When my mom is happy, I am happy. One day, I want to do way more for my mom. I want to make her proud, I want to make her a Queen. She deserves the best, and I will not stop until she gets the best!
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Fire on Us from the Sky
Topic 1: War and Survival Question 1. Why did war come to Benson, Alepho and Benjamin's homeland? Who was fighting and why? How did the government and the rebel forces use propaganda (manipulating facts and media to achieve their goals) to further their position in the war? Why did war come to Benson, Alepho and Benjamin's homeland? In 1959, violence between the Tutsi and Hutu erupted. Hutus overthrew Tutsi rule, declared an independent republic and elected the first Hutu president, Greg wa Kayabanda. Mass killings of Tutsis occurred during the transition to Hutu rule.Who was fighting and why? The British colonists created a strict system of racial classification, the Tutsi were a superior group because they were more â€Å"white looking†The colonists believed that the Tutsi were natural rulers, so they put only Tutsis into positions of authority and discriminated against Hutus and Twa. The How did the government and the rebel forces use propaganda (manipulating facts and med ia to achieve their goals) to further their position in the war? They distributed lists of people who were to be targeted and killed.Messages of hate were broadcast over the radio, encouraging the killing of Tutsi and opponents to the Hutu regime. The messages portrayed Tutsis as evil cockroaches and rats. Question 2. What hardships did Benson, Alepho and Benjamin endure because of the war? What does the African proverb When two elephant’s fight, it is the grass that gets trampled mean to you? What hardships did Benson,Alepho, and Benjamin endure because of the War? Loosing their families, watching women get raped, their friends get killed, and just the overall affect that it causes to the brain.What does the African proverb When two elephant’s fight, it is the grass that gets trampled mean to you? It means to me that when two elephants or two powerful leaders fight, it injures the grass, or the middle and low class citizens. Question 3. What hardships did Benson, Alep ho and Benjamin want to keep going despite their horrible suffering, what coping techniques, personal attitudes, or strengths allowed each boy to survive? Which boy did you identify with most? why? Do you think you could have survived such ordeals The willingness to just survive and live, Maybe just get out of Africa maybe get a Visa to get to the United States.They tried to stick together as much as they could although they have been split up for a few years. They most likely figured that â€Å"hey i’ve made it this far, why quit†kind of attitude. I think I can relate to all of them because they are all related, I always know how my family thinks and acts in a certain situation. I do not think i would be able to survive because I do not know the land very well. And the fact that your best friend could be the one that ends up killing you. Question 1. What role did outside countries and organizations play in the war in Sudan?Should the U. S. or other countries have int ervened more or less? During the years leading up to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, international human rights groups documented and reported numerous human rights violations in Rwanda to the United Nations. Although the international community knew about the extremely brutal attacks taking place, they chose not to intervene. Indeed, the UN withdrew most of its troops and officially limited the actions of the tiny force of 450 soldiers who stayed behind, The should have intervened way more, possibly saving thousands of lives.Question 2. How were the lost boys treated by the communities and individuals they encountered on their journey? Why did people behave the way they did? How would you have treated the lost boys? They were treated like outcasts. They acted the way they did because they didn't know what the difference between right and wrong at they time they did what they thought was right in their tradition and culture. I would have treated them as my own family knowing what I kno w know about what happened in Sudan. Question 3.What role did outside countries and organizations play in the lives of Benson, Alepho and Benjamin and other refugees? What was life like in the refugee camps? Is there an international responsibility to help refugees? They played a big role in their lives, especially when it comes to giving them a place to stay. Life was hard in the camps they had little responsibility. Question 4. How did Benson, Alepho and Benjamin come to the United States? How did the elders left in the refugee camp react? Do the boys have any special responsibility ince they gained asylum? Should the U. S have given them asylum? Should we give more people asylum? They got to the United States by plane. The elders acted very plain to them The had a responsibility of taking care of each other I think the U. S. should have given them a temporary 3 month asylum. The U. S. should offer more people asylums because many of these people have no family and have no place t hey can really go. Question 1. Despite their hardships, the Lost Boys were still very much children. How do you see them grow up through the book?Can you relate to any of their experiences growing up? Any of the games they play? How do they view and interact with the opposite sex? How do their attitudes about education relate to your own? They grow up by making more adult decisions I can relate to loosing a family member for a very long time. The view the women as regular woman. Like them, I take my education very seriously, but even though it is a privilege and not a right to go to school they most likely view it as a once in a lifetime opportunity.
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
Educational programs Essay
There are of course limits to the parallel between the regulation of firms and the regulation of churches. A basic difference is that a church draws its support on the basis of religious commitment–presumably a quite different source of commitment than consumer preference for many people. In the fundamental relationship between the church and its members, there is no clear unit of exchange that lends itself to quantification. Perhaps much more so than firms, however, churches have the capacity to mobilize their memberships on behalf of their objectives in negotiating with the state. Another difference is that states’ seeking to regulate churches often lack doctrinal competence. They may be ill-equipped to understand the church’s mission and lack information as to church resources and the best uses of those resources. Finally, another principal difference is that the relationship between a nation and the religious commitments of its citizens is the consequence of many forces acting over long periods of time. These forces may have created in a population religious commitments of singular intensity or, on the other hand, apparent disinterest that has little to do with the direction of contemporary state regulation of religion. Despite these differences, however, the case can still be made that regulatory theory is relevant to the understanding of church-state relationships. This essay argues that the direction of contemporary state regulation may help shape the direction of a church’s priorities and activities independently of the condition of the population’s religious commitment. Churches as organizations will respond to regulatory incentives and costs, just as they respond to the political environment. Why do states seek to regulate churches? Historically, as will be shown below, rulers may have sought to impose on their subjects their own respective judgments about the correct institutional expression of their faith. States have seen regulation as a means to weed out corruption or to redress the distribution of resources in their society. Quite often, states have appeared to fear churches as challenges to the political order that need to be contained. Historically, regulation of churches by the US and European states has embraced some or all of a number of areas. States have played significant roles in regulating or ultimately selecting senior church readerships within the country. States have assumed the power to determine the numbers and types of clergy allowed to practice their religious responsibilities within the nation. The state’s approval has been sought in determining the boundaries of church administrative territories. The state’s acquiescence has played a role in church reform of doctrine or liturgy. States have from time to time set limits on the nature of church participation in education, public communication, social welfare, and health care. Finally, states have limited- or enhanced- churches’ ability to own property or businesses. At this time, virtually every church, at least in Western Europe, has achieved a remarkable measure of autonomy in the determination of its leadership, its size, and the direction of its clergy. By contrast, historically in Roman Catholic countries, the state or the aristocracy controlled higher-level clerical appointments or shared in appointment decisions with the Vatican. In many Protestant states, the state exercised the power of appointment with relatively little formal consultation with church hierarchies. At the same time, the capacity of the church to establish a central role in a society’s institutions has diminished and a review of church attendance in Western Europe suggests remarkable declines in membership. Churches may find that regulation benefits their own positions in society. In many cases these churches confront receding memberships. Catholic churches in nearly all Western European states enjoy sustained and significant declines in the conflicts with state authorities that were recurring crises during the nineteenth and a good deal of the twentieth century. This decline in conflict undoubtedly is related to the effective dechurching of many of the US and European populations. Regulation in these cases appears to be actively sought by churches as a means of sustaining resource flows. This relationship of negotiating support in exchange for some measure of regulation appears to be the emerging norm of convergence in state-church policy throughout Europe. But it raises the perplexing question of how new churches will respond to a structure of church-state relations that does not reflect the neutral tradition of liberalism but rather expresses clear although measured support for some churches over others in practice and often in theory as well. A church may seek several objectives in regulation. These objectives may undergo change as the regulatory context shifts. A church may conclude that regulation provides a competitive advantage in dealing with competition with other churches. Established, long-existing churches that now enjoy some measure of recognition from the state may wish to stabilize the situation by delimiting the boundaries of state recognition from newer or missionary churches that threaten the membership base of the established churches. The established churches may simply be concerned with maintaining their existing obligations to staffs, buildings, and educational programs. The longer established the church, presumably the greater the obligations it has to sustain existing organizations. The theory of regulatory capture would predict these observations. There is always the risk, however, that the capture model of regulation is not predictive of future state-church relationships, given the possibilities for new directions coming from within the state or from groups found neither in established church(es) nor in the state. New churches are the most likely sources of pressure for changes in the direction of regulation.
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