Strategic Management and Personal Media Players

Apple, Inc. in 2010 Assignment Questions 1. What are the chief elements of Apple’s overall competitive strategy? How well do the pieces fit together? Is the strategy evolving? 2. What are the key elements of Apple’s strategy in computers, personal media players, and smartphones? Have its strategies in its core businesses yielded success? Explain. 3. What does a competitive strength assessment reveal about Apple’s computer business, as compared to the leaders in the personal computer industry? Use the methodology in Table 4. to support your answer. Does it appear that the company’s competitive positions in personal media players and smartphones or stronger or weaker than its position in computers? 4. Does it make good strategic sense for Apple to be a competitor in the computer, personal media player, smartphone, and tablet computer industries? Are the value chain activities that Apple performs in computers, personal media players, tablet computers and smar tphones very similar and â€Å"compatible† or are there very important differences from product to product?Which of the four products lines—computers, tablet computers, personal media players, or smartphones—do you think is most important to Apple’s future growth and profitability? Why? 5. What is your assessment of Apple Computer’s financial performance the past three years? (Use the financial ratios in Table 4. 1 on pages 94-96 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis. ) 6. What recommendations would you make to allow Apple to strengthen its position in its most important markets? What steps should it take to ensure that the iPad becomes a success in the marketplace and a major contributor to the company’s overall performance?Google’s Strategy in 2010* Assignment Questions 1. Discuss competition in the search industry. Which of the five competitive forces seem strongest? weakest? What is your assessment of overall ind ustry attractiveness? 2. How is the search industry changing? What forces seem most likely to bring about major change to the industry within the next three to five years? 3. What are the key factors that define success in the industry? What are the key competencies, capabilities, and resources of successful search engine companies? 4. Describe Google’s customer value roposition and profit formula linked to its business model. What strategies has Google relied upon to build competitive advantage in the industry? 5. Have Google’s business model and strategy proven to be successful? Should investors be impressed with the company’s financial performance? How does the company’s financial performance compare to that of Microsoft and Yahoo? Please conduct a financial analysis to support your position—you may wish to use the financial ratios presented in the Table 4. 1 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis of the company. . What are the company’s key resources and competitive capabilities? What competitive liabilities and resource weaknesses does it have? What opportunities exist? What threats to its continued success are present? 7. What recommendations would you make to Google’s top-management team to sustain its competitive advantage in the search industry? How should it best capitalize on its strategic initiatives in mobile phones, cloud computing, emerging markets, and other ventures? Southwest Airlines in 2010: Culture, Values, and Operating Practices Assignment Questions . Is there anything that you find particularly impressive about Southwest Airlines? 2. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in crafting the company’s strategy? What is it that you like or dislike about the strategy? Does Southwest have a winning strategy? 3. What are the key policies, procedures, operating practices, and core values underlying Southwest’s efforts to implement and execute its low-cost/no frills strategy? 4. What are the key elements of Southwest’s culture? Is Southwest a strong culture company? Why or why not?What problems do you foresee that Gary Kelly has in sustaining the culture now that Herb Kelleher, the company’s spiritual leader, has departed? 5. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in implementing and executing the company’s strategy? Which of Southwest’s strategy execution approaches and operating practices do you believe have been most crucial in accounting for the success that Southwest has enjoyed in executing its strategy? Are the any policies, procedures, and operating approaches at Southwest that you disapprove of or that are not working well? 6.What weaknesses or problems do you see at Southwest Airlines as of mid-2010? 7. Does the AirTran acquisition make good strategic sense for Southwest? 8. What strategic issues and problems do Gary Kelly and Southwest executiv es need to address as they proceed to close the deal with the AirTran acquisition and contemplate how best to integrate AirTran’s operations and AirTran’s employees into Southwest? 9. What recommendations would you make to Gary Kelly and Southwest executives as the company heads into 2011? Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages Assignment Questions 1.What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? 3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing?What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? 4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drink, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? Which strategic groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers? 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? to PepsiCo? to Red Bull GmbH?

Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy

Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy? BY gotten Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy? Giovanni Mike 4324324 LISTENED 1001 sum 13 Professor James Barney A sobering fact Is that our government has a monopoly on the use of force, but It cannot protect everyone at all times In an Immediate fashion. Joel samara, criminal Law, at 1 55 (1 lath De. 2014). Therefore, citizens are permitted to use proportional force in a â€Å"self-help† fashion as long as 1. The necessity is great 2. The need exists â€Å"right now' 3. The force is used for prevention only. D. At 155. However, preemptive tribes or retaliation are not justifications for force used in self-defense. ‘d, at 155. There are also four elements of self-defense: unprovoked attack, necessity, proportionality, and reasonable belief. ‘d, at 156. The first three were alluded to earlier and are fairly self-explanatory, but reasonable belief will be the primary focus in this discussion . This element requires that a defender must have the â€Å"reasonable† belief that It's necessary to use deadly force to neutralize an Imminent deadly attack. D, at 156. However, what Is â€Å"reasonable fear? † How does It play out In the courtroom? Is the burden on the person using force against an aggressor to show that he or she possessed â€Å"reasonable fear? † Does this requirement change whether a person is at should be look into whether the person using deadly force had a â€Å"reasonable† opportunity to retreat and avoid violence? Should we offer civil immunity to those who used deadly force legitimately? Overall, are the recently more aggressive self- defense laws good for public policy?Do they allow those with â€Å"itchy' trigger fingers to have a virtual license to kill, or do they take an extra necessary step to put the safety f law-abiding citizens ahead of the concerns of violent law-breakers? Newer self- defense laws, such as the one p assed by Florida, unnecessarily presume â€Å"reasonable fear† in defending one's home and fail to adequately consider whether a person using deadly force had a duty to retreat (in public spaces) when violence could have been easily avoided.Citizens should reasonably be expected to show that their deadly use of force was Justified due to their legitimate fear for their safety whether they're at home or in public; they're burden of proof shouldn't be beyond a seasonable doubt since the prosecution could probably cast doubt on this with relative ease since it's based on the subjective measurement of fear. Subtle wording differences in these laws can sway protections to either the aggressor or defender in these situations?it's critical to strike a healthy balance. So how did we get to the self-defense laws used today?According to Joel Samara, Criminal Law, at 164 (1 lath De. 2014), since the thirteenth century English common law required that a person had to prove that he'd â₠¬Å"retreated to the wall† before being Justified in killing another errors. The US began to reject this practice in the nineteenth century and replaced it with a â€Å"no duty to retreat† requirement, which holds that a person can be Justified in killing someone in self-defense. ‘d, at 164. This new approach to the use of force by the common man was thought to be more accommodating to the bravery of a â€Å"true man. † ‘d, at 164.This â€Å"true man† was thought to be someone who would do whatever he had to do to protect his wife, kids, and the nation. ‘d, at 165. Legislators and judges carved out the â€Å"stand your ground† rule from these previously mention values, which states that if a man didn't start the fight they could stand their ground and kill in self-defense without having to retreat from a place they had a legal right to be. ‘d, at 165. Also, the retreat rule was also created that obligates a person to retreat i f they â€Å"reasonably' believe that they're threatened with death or serious harm and they are able to retreat without continuing to be subject to this danger. D, at 165. Furthermore, the â€Å"castle doctrine† was created as an exception to the retreat rule when the context is within someone's home, where they have no duty to retreat as Eng as they reasonably believe there is an imminent threat of death or serious bodily harm. ‘d, at 165. Since 2005, more than forty states have passed or proposed new â€Å"castle doctrine† legislation intended to expand the right to use deadly force in self-defense. ‘d, at 172. Florida was the first state to pass this type of statute, and it continues to be the model for the rest of the states. D, at 172. Their statute states that a person is presumed to have held a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or great bodily harm if: (a) The person against whom the defensive force was used as in the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle (b) The person who used defensive force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act was occurring or had occurred†¦ Old, at 172.Pennsylvania, they have a right to be in (2) they believe that the use of deadly force is immediately necessary to prevent death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping, or rape (3) the aggressor displays or uses a firearm (or replica) or any other deadly weapon. Joshua Light, The Castle Doctrine?The Lobby is my Dwelling, Volvo 22 Widener Law Journal 236 These types of laws do not exist without controversy, since there are those (2012). That claim that they give citizens a virtual â€Å"license to kill. † Supra, at 174.On one side, people like Marion Hammer, president of the National Rifle Association, contend that these new laws are Just protecting a right that has been around since the asses and that we shouldn't have a duty to retreat only to get chased down and beaten to death. ‘d, at 174. Indeed, Florist's intent when they passed their castle-doctrine law n 2005 was that it was â€Å"necessary to restore absolute rights of law abiding people to protect themselves, their families, and others, and their property from intruders and attackers without fear of prosecution or civil action.Wyatt Holiday, The Answer to Criminal Aggression is Retaliation: Stand-your-Ground Laws and the Liberalizing of Self-Defense, Volvo 43 University of Toledo Law Review 417 (2012). Supporters of the castle doctrine-type laws recognize that there are times when the government's monopoly on violence must be set aside to allow law-abiding citizens to protect themselves when time is limited. Benjamin Levin, A Defensible Defense? : Reexamining Castle Doctrine Statues Volvo 47 Harvard Journal on Legislation 540 (2010).When an aggressor poses an immediate threat, the defender's preservation of self should take precedence over the aggressor's culpability. ‘d, at 539. Others like Jim Brady from The Brady Campaign believe that these laws are â€Å"ushering in a violent new era where civilians have more freedom to use deadly force than even the police. † Samara, Criminal Law, at 174 (2014). They also claim that these laws allow those who have an â€Å"itchy trigger finger† to simply claim that they were in fear and therefore justified in using deadly force. ‘d, at 174.To make things even more complex, states have their own versions of the law that are still in flux and fairly open to interpretation by courts?it is not always straightforward when someone is legally entitled to use deadly force to protect themselves. Levin, A Defensible Defense 534-536 (2010). What does â€Å"reasonable fear† even mean? Unfortunately, this is not easy to answer. Ohio's depiction of reasonable fear is somewhat helpful: the actor using deadly force must have a bona fide belief that he/she was in imminent danger f death or great bodily harm and the only means of escape was to use deadly force in retaliation.Wyatt Holiday, The Answer to Criminal Aggression is Retaliation: Stand- Your-Ground Laws and the Liberalizing of Self-Defense, Volvo 43 University of Toledo Law Review 425 (2012). The â€Å"honest† and â€Å"reasonable† requirements make it seem like a hybrid objective/sub]active requirement, but it's still a subjective standard as highlighted by the Ohio Supreme Court. ‘d, at 424. This court's instructions on this standard recommended that to determine whether a defendant had reasonable fear of imminent danger: †¦ U must put yourself in the position of the Defendant, with her characteristics, knowledge, or lack of knowledge, and under the same circumstances and conditions that surrounded the Defendant at the time. You must consider the conduct of [the victim] and determine if such acts and words caused the Def endant to reasonably and honestly believe that she was about to be killed or â€Å"reasonable fear† is so subjective, because of the wide range of situations people find themselves in; it doesn't seem feasible to create an objective test that measures such a subjective and virtually immeasurable emotion such as fear.Keep in mind how the law mentions that the only means of escape is the use of deadly force. Even though â€Å"reasonable fear† is such a subjective concept, it still has an impact in the courtroom compared to how self-defense laws used to be written. Before Stand- Your-Ground laws came about, defendants had the burden to show that their life and limb was actually in danger. Light at 234 (2012). Now, in certain Jurisdictions, citizens have to only prove that they had a â€Å"reasonable fear† that their life and limb were at jeopardy, and that they believed that deadly force was immediately necessary to peel this threat. D, at 234. This amounts to a sm aller burden of proof on the defendant, which is more challenging for the prosecution because disproving facts is a lot easier than disproving perceptions. ‘d, at 234. Is this a fair balance? The â€Å"reasonable fear† requirement is fair since it allows the state to make an inquiry into whether deadly force was used in a legitimate fashion without putting an excessive burden on citizens to Justify their use of force that can be easily defeated by prosecuting attorneys. What about the â€Å"duty to retreat? Should it still play a part n today's laws? Eric Del Bozo, Retreat Does Not Equal Surrender: Defensive Deadly Force in Dwellings After People v. Keen, Volvo 82 SST. John's Law Review 360-381 (2008) points out that the duty to retreat should still play a part in these self-defense laws, especially when retreat is a safe and reasonable option that could save a lot of violence. He concedes, however, that â€Å"one need not calmly evaluate exit strategies when faced wi th a pressing danger, for detached reflection cannot be demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife. ‘d, at 364. Also, it isn't reasonable to focus in midnight at whether the defendant could have safely retreated, which is a reason why â€Å"reasonable fear† is appropriate in order to focus on what the person knew at the time. ‘d, at 364. The way retreat is treated as an option and the thoughts of the person using force varies among states and even Jurisdictions within those states; some deemphasize the need to retreat while others focus more on the Justification of force and options for retreat. ‘d, at 363-364.In 2006 alone though, between 10 and 15 states repealed their laws that required persons to consider retreat before using defensive deadly force. D, at 377. This might not bode well in a case where a person shoots his neighbor over an argument over trash bins; Del Bozo suggests that stories making headlines tend to be neighbors and acquaintances fre ely assaulting each other rather than repelling home invasions. ‘d, at 377. However, he doesn't offer any statistics or empirical evidence that there is a trend in unjustifiable killings due to these laws.Nonetheless, the duty to retreat still has merit to allow the whole situation to be analyzed in court, and hold people accountable who may engage in â€Å"senseless† killings. ‘d, at 378. The prosecution should be able to show that retreat was indeed a viable option out of a respect for human life; there must be a balance between protecting the safety of both the assailant and the victim, but retreat should be looked at with the burden being on the non-aggressor. ‘d, at 380. There are five different concerns that law enforcement authorities have concerning these new and more aggressive self-defense laws.One unintended consequence could be police officers since citizens Just have to claim that they have â€Å"reasonable fear† in order to use deadly fo rce. ‘d, at 175. On the other hand, Florist's statute contains a revision which holds that citizens are not Justified in using deadly force against law enforcement officers as long as they are acting in an official capacity, have identified themselves as a police officer, or the person using force should have â€Å"reasonably' known it was a law enforcement officer. D, at 173. Indiana struggled with this unintended consequence, but actually ended up ruling that citizens cannot reasonably use deadly force against law enforcement officers. Jon Laramie, Indiana Constitutional Development: Debtors, Placements, and the Castle Doctrine, Volvo. 45 Indiana Law Review, 1049-1051 (2012). In Barnes v. Tate, 946 N. E. Ad 572 (2011), the Indiana Supreme Court stated that â€Å"public policy disavows recognizing a common law right to forcibly resist unlawful police entry into one's home. ‘d, at 1050. They also recognized that it isn't easy for citizens to recognize when a given poli ce entry is lawful or not, that injury is high due to upgrades in police equipment, and citizens have other remedies for unlawful entries (civil litigation, police disciplinary hearings, exclusionary rule, etc. ) ‘d, at 1050. The court did concede that a person has the right to â€Å"reasonably resist† an unlawful entry, but this doesn't amount to a defense of eatery or other violent acts against law enforcement. D, at 1051. The court also claimed that most other states have followed suite in this decision in the interest of law enforcement safety. ‘d, at 1050. Another concern is that the interpretation of these castle-type laws is in its infancy. Some believe that law enforcement training will constantly have to adapt to changing views on these laws, and that it will be almost impossible for police officers to determine whether these new laws are being invoked [applied properly. Supra, at 176.The next concern is that instead of Just avian to determine whether dan ger was imminent or there was a duty to retreat in a public place, police officers will now have to anticipate more â€Å"self-defense† claims. ‘d, at 176. This will increase the investigative burdens on officers, and proving a negative is difficult when the evidence is â€Å"in the hands of the defendant. † ‘d, at 176. This concern is exacerbated by the fact that law enforcement agencies are often understaffed and are already overworked. ‘d, at 176.Furthermore, police authorities are worried that these new laws will lead to a sort of apathy and degradation of vigilance among officers. D, at 176. They may get used to seeing â€Å"self- defense† claims and may dig deep enough into every claim as these new castle-type laws call for, especially if both parties have criminal records. ‘d, at 176. The last concern of law enforcement on castle-type laws are that citizens (a) will not be adequately aware of their right to use force in self-defens e and (b) will be considered a deterrence by criminals who may now view them as more able to defend themselves. D, at 176. Overall, people might feel safer because they are given more latitude to protect themselves, but they may not since they might be worried about there with â€Å"itchy trigger fingers. † ‘d, at 177. Also, there is a lack of empirical evidence that shows that the positive impacts outweigh the positive negative impacts. ‘d, at 177. However, the ironic part is that we will not know if these types of laws will â€Å"work† unless we employ them uniformly on a generalize sample size (many states/ jurisdictions) and then evaluate them over time using sound research methods. Ensure that citizens are able to defend themselves when they legitimately need to. Nobody said it would come without any consequences at all. A legal issue with hose castle doctrine-type laws according to Elizabeth Mega, Deadly Combinations: How Self-Defense Laws Pairing Imm unity with a Presumption of Fear Allows Criminals to â€Å"Get Away with Murder,† Volvo 34 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 105-134 (2010), is that reasonable fear and immunity can combine to create a virtual bar on prosecution for self-defense cases involving an individual's â€Å"castle. The state of Florida provides both a presumptive reasonable fear clause and an immunity clause; reasonable fear by itself can be rebutted by the prosecution at a later time, but immunity won't ever allow that to happen. D, at 108. Mega contends that such an â€Å"irrefutable conclusion† is unconstitutional and puts law enforcement in an awkward position to determine immunity. ‘d, at 108. Also, once immunity is granted it cannot be withdrawn and someone who was entitled to immunity cannot fight for it later on. ‘d, at 109.However, if someone is outside of their home they have to prove the reasonableness of their use of force before being qualified for immunity?this is p resumed in cases involving the home and motor vehicles though. ‘d, at 113.. Furthermore, at least in situations located at the defender's home, Florist's law sakes it impossible to make the determination that the defender's use of force was unlawful. ‘d, at 118. The law contains a provision that states that reasonable fear can be â€Å"presumed† when a person uses deadly force in the protection of their home?the police cannot make a probable cause determination. D, at 119. Florist's law puts law enforcement in a situation where they have to make determinations on the spot that prosecutors would normally make: they have to make determinations of immunity and attempt to disprove a presumption rather than establish a case. ‘d, at 120. Law enforcement normally investigate â€Å"unlawful† acts, but Florist's law tells officers to presume that acts of violence within the home are â€Å"lawful. † ‘d, at 121 . As for how to fix these statutory is sues, Mega contends that they are beyond fixing with Just guidelines and require rewording.Police could become so dependent on the guidelines that they may fail to see the big picture, defendants could end up in Jail trying to assert immunity, law enforcement may not understand the guidelines, and law enforcement have to engage in prosecutorial duties that they were not trained to do. D, at 130. Although â€Å"immunity' certain presents more problems, what about â€Å"reasonable fear† itself? Mega claims that the previous duty to retreat laws still allowed someone to use force, but only when there is no safe method of retreat. ‘d, at 115.In this way, common law held the respect for life on a higher level than the right to possess and use a gun. ‘d, at 115. However, with the new castle-type laws individuals can now react violently with little incentive to try and diffuse the situation by safely retreating. ‘d, at 115. The duty to retreat makes someone think twice about sing force instead of harming someone before considering whether an actual threat exists. ‘d, at 116. With these new Stand Your Ground and castle-type laws, individuals are authorized to act violently in the face of a â€Å"perceived† threat, which is very subjective and open to interpretation. D, at 129. In Florida, however, the law allows the state to prosecute individuals when probable cause is established that the force used was unlawful, at least outside of one's home. ‘d, at 130. This type of provision who use deadly force in a senseless or reckless manner without giving reasonable Hough into whether they're really facing impending danger. As mentioned earlier though, in the heat of the moment people's perceptions and their ability amount to think clearly in these intense situations will vary. How does â€Å"reasonable fear† play out in the context of a Jury trial?Stay Lee Burns, Demonstrating â€Å"Reasonable Fear† at Trial: Is it Science or Junk Science? Department of Sociology, Loyola Martyrdom University, Los Angles, CA 107-131 (2008) examined one murder trial in depth that involved reasonable fear. In this case, the Maddened brothers were charged and invoiced of first degree murder for shot-gunning their parents in their own home in August 1989. ‘d, at 109. During the trial, they confessed to parricide but claimed they held reasonable fear because of their prior sexual abuse by their father and acted in self-defense Justification defense). D, at 110. The Jury deadlocked at the first trial, which indicates the ambiguousness that reasonable fear can have at trial. ‘d, at 129. The defense proposed expert testimony that would show that the abuse the defendants underwent altered their mental state at the time of the killings because heir susceptibility to fear and perception of imminent danger were heightened. ‘d, at 112. U Timely, the Judge did not allow expert testimony pertaining to what h appened in the Maddened brothers' situation, but could attempt to generalize prior research on fear perception.Although there has been research on the limbic system, the part of the brain that processes fear, for the lastly years the results are far from conclusive and there is no test available that can show what the Maddened brothers' fear levels were at the time of the killing or whether their susceptibility had indeed been heightened because of trauma. ‘d, at 118- 127. Social science is only able to provide statistics and the likelihood that the Maddened brothers would act a certain way in a given situation. ‘d, at 122.There is a blood test available that can give insight into what a person's level of fear is, but the sample would have to be taken right at the moment of the crime (not feasible). ‘d, at 124. This case illustrates the tension between social science and the Judicial system that requires facts to relate to the particular case at hand. ‘d, at 128. It came down to what the Jury felt was â€Å"reasonable fear,† and how much they thought the expert testimony applied to the Maddened ease?it's no surprise that the Jury ended up deadlocked. D, at 128-129. In conclusion, the â€Å"reasonable fear† requirement is fair since it allows the state to make an inquiry into whether deadly force was used in a legitimate fashion without putting an excessive burden on citizens and giving too much of an advantage to prosecuting attorneys. Although â€Å"duty to retreat† shouldn't be strictly imposed or evaluated in hindsight, it is still applicable in situations where violence could have been easily avoided by practically walking away.While there are legitimate concerns such as Alice safety in no-knock searches with these more aggressive self-defense laws, the sad fact remains that little empirical evidence is out to date that shows any negative or positive trends associated with these laws. In addition, these laws and their interpretation are still in their infancy and are written differently among the states and their Jurisdictions. A legal issue that may not be empirically measurable, however, is how reasonable fear can be paired with immunity to create a bar on prosecution of those defending their home perhaps too readily.These people should burden of proof that can easily be discredited. Additionally, this presumption would leave police officers with the difficult task of making determinations on the spot that would normally be left to prosecuting attorneys. As for immunity, citizens should be granted immunity from civil litigation if their use of deadly force was Justified; they shouldn't have to be mired with legal action from the aggressor after they've already been in court.The Maddened case illustrates the limitations of science to prove reasonable fear in a court setting, and can only offer potential generalizations and statistics. Bottom line, â€Å"reasonable fear† ends up get ting determined by Juries, which ay not be that easy or uniform. Overall, the new and more aggressive self-defense laws are good for public policy with the exception of the presumption of reasonable fear in situations involving defending one's home.These laws necessarily give citizens more latitude in defending themselves without an undue burden of having to sit there and think about whether they should retreat or fear of future civil litigation. However, those who are inclined to resort to violence in the face of any perceived threat need to justify their actions in order to prevent senseless killings. They should only have to how that they had reasonable fear without a heavy burden of proof that prosecutors can easily defeat, which could be the beyond a reasonable doubt standard.An understandable concern is that these new laws will put a further burden on an already stressed and backlogged criminal Justice system, but we cannot put police officers in a position to try to make thes e determinations on the spot. We also cannot allow potential senseless killings to go unchallenged. Omitting the presumption clause and putting a little more emphasis on retreat options can better balance the defender's right of safety and the aggressor's culpability.

Systems analysis and modeling: A macro to micro approach with multidisciplinary applications Essay

The recent price wars between mobile phone industries and supermarkets have been beneficial to the consumers as well as their respective industries. It can be argued that price wars enable customers to save their money, increase consumer utility and lead to great competition. However customers will only enjoy the benefits of price wars in the short-run, but the situation change in the long run. Price wars lead to decrease of prices, but it is essential to evaluate the effect of price decrease on consumer spending. The rationale of this paper is to examine the effect of price wars between mobile phone industries and the supermarkets. Findings and Analysis                  Price wars eliminate marginal players and alter the structure of the market. In case of price wars, few competitors will be willing to enter an unattractive market that greatly rely on low prices for success, and minor competitors leave the market because they are unable to make profits. In some cases, some firms might dominate in the market due to price wars; for example, acquisition of Macro foods by Woolworths in 2009. Price wars have a long-term effect on consumer preference, since consumers are left in a market with fewer players with greater authority. This case mostly applies to supermarkets. Price reduction by retailers weakens the brand investment made by producers (Wallner, 2001). Price wars between mobile phone industries and supermarkets have short-term benefits to the consumer, but they result to decrease in price which has a long-run impact to the consumer. Price cuts emanating from price wars alter consumer expectations for discounting and affect future pricing. Price reduction also affects the capacity of product distribution to small outlets such as bottle shops, local stores and convenience outlets. The price war between Britain’s dominant supermarkets has shifted into mobile market with major supermarkets reducing their prices by half. On the other hand, the rival mobile phone companies maintained that they offered the best price in the market. The mobile phone companies have announced price increase over the last few weeks; however supermarkets slashed down the price for mobile phone service. The supermarkets are able to take the opportunity cost of cutting the prices because they will gain back by selling high margin goods (Eweje & Perry, 201 1). There is price discrimination in calling rates because different mobile phone industries have different tarrifs. The pressure exerted in the markets makes the mobile phones to adjust their prices to attain market equilibrium. In order to understand the current micro and macro-business operations existing in the mobile phone industries and the supermarkets, it is imperative to analyze the social, political and economic structures. The reduction of interest rates by the government has greatly reduced the level of unemployment. In addition the purchasing capability of clients will increase because of the improved financial situation. However, the possibility of huge financial uncertainty will affect consumer spending especially while purchasing bonus products (Boyd, 2001) Analysis on current European demographics shows that there is an increasing trend of ageing population. There is low possibility of old generation to go shopping in the supermarkets as compared to the young generation. The internet literacy is at 65 years, although growing population considers online shopping as efficient. Macro environment is external to the business sector and they are uncontrollable factors that are beyond control by any organization (Forstater, 2007). Appropriate macro environment will enable supermarkets and mobile phone industries to make effective policies and strategies to make changes as well as coping up with changes in the current market. Micro environment on the other hand are the internal factors that mobile phone industries and supermarkets can control. Micro environment have direct impact to an organization because it directly affect its zsuccess and operations. Micro environment will affect an organization’s capacity to serve its clients. Therefore, before supermarkets and mobile phones industries decide on any corporate strategy, they need to appraise their micro environment. Micro environment include all departments existing in an organization and each of these department has a great effect on an organization marketing decisions. The other aspects that are included in micro environment are the publics and the customer market. Thus, mobile phones industries and supermarkets should understand their micro and macro environments so that they can make appropriate strategies that will affect both their success and operations (Wan, 2006).The law of demand and supply will help supermarkets and mobile phone industries to settle on a market equilibrium calling price. In an attempt to run from high calling cost from other mobile ser vice providers, customers ends up in the supermarkets which charges low prices to its mobile customers. However, supermarkets place price premiums on basic items so that they can substitute the low prices which had attracted the customers. It can be argued that, price wars benefit customers in the sort-run, but in the long run they greatly affect the customer (Krugman & Wells, 2009). The cost of mobile phones have fallen to such a level that if the trend carries on, mobile service will be more affordable to much larger parts of the emerging markets population. The price wars ensure that both the supermarkets and mobile phone industries keep checking on their prices so that they can maintain their profits as well as making profits. The supermarkets continue to increase their promotions while other rival companies such as Tesco hold that they will continue being aggressive. There are various factors that have led to the reduction in price of mobile phones. The cost of mobile phones is brought down by heavy subsidies from the government, high levels of competition as well as efforts from local manufacturers who set on selling entry-level phones. The price of mobile phones has been brought down by the anticipated growth of markets (Wessels, 2006). Mobile manufactures are focusing to sell their phones in the emerging markets such as Philippines, Nigeria and India. Mob ile phone manufactures have a great opportunity for the cheap phones to substitute feature phones in the emerging markets. Mobile phones manufactures face the problem of lack of operator subsidies in the emerging markets so that they can support the entry of these cheap mobile phones. As the cost of mobile phones continues to reduce, it is anticipated that emerging markets will receive an increasing number of cheap phones in future. However, there are different approaches of entry of cheap phones to the emerging markets. For example, it was anticipated that there will be a growth of 95% of smartphones in India in 2013, while it was 46% in Brazil. In Brazil the import duties was expected to hamper the cheaper supply effect. By examining the current situation, mobile phones manufacturers who will be able to cope up with the stiff competition in the modern market, will secure a strong stance in the future mobile phone market (Eweje & Perry, 2011). Technology advancement has enabled manufactures to device life-fitting mobile phones that are cheap and affordable. Mobile phones are a very crucial aspect in human daily lives because it enabled people to communicate, socialize and to spur development. Smartphones technology continues to be more prevalent in developed countries; however, the drop in price of phones has drastically changed the situation since smartphones are now more accessible in the emerging markets. Cheap mobile phones are very helpful to the emerging markets, since they will help to revolutionalize the lives of health-care professionals, farmers and educators in the developing nations. Lower price will definitely make smartphones more accessible in emerging products, but there is low internet connectivity in developing countries. Low internet penetration is a major hindrance of entry of cheap smartphones in emerging markets (Forstater, 2007). The high outlay of data plans hinders various people from accessing internet through their phone. There is also high rate of inflation and unemployment in emerging markets which is another hindrance of entry of cheap phones in these markets. Though mobile phones are essential in modern day lives, most people in emerging markets struggle to make their ends meet. In the efforts of developing cheap mobile phones in emerging markets, the issue of insufficient network infrastructure should also be addressed. Mobile network operators should focus on sustainability, where they should develop business structures that permit them to earn returns by bringing data networks to emerging markets (Worthington & Britton, 2006). The network connectivity can be provided by companies like Google; however, the cost imposed to the local economy would be huge. The attempt of brining solutions to the issue of network models in emerging markets, would have adverse effects to the local ecosystem as well as devastating impact to the mobile network operators who provide employment, and to the government who get remunerated for network licenses and use the funds for economic development. Apart from benefiting from cheap mobile phones, emerging will benefit from the internet connections plans that are just to be implemented. The emerging markets will get internet through microwave signals and fiber optics. The local governments will benefit from revenue collected from internet licenses. Conclusion                  Price wars between mobile phone industries and supermarket will benefit both the consumers as well as their respective industries. The price wars will lead to an increasing trend of the cost of mobile phones. The reduction of cost of mobile phones will enable more access of phones in emerging markets. Smartphones are more prevalent in developed countries where they have advanced the lives of farmers, health-care professionals among other people thus encouraging economic development. Emerging markets such as India, Nigeria and Philippines will receive more phones because manufacturers believe that there is a large market in developing nations. Mobile manufacturers have contributed a lot to development in the emerging markets for devising cheap phones that are affordable; however, they should also develop the internet model in the emerging markets. Lastly, cheap mobile will be of great benefit to the emerging markets since they will improve communication am ong other benefits. References Boyd,  D.  W. (2001). Systems analysis and modeling: A macro to micro approach with multidisciplinary applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Do consumers really benefit from the supermarket price wars? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/do-consumers-really-benefit-from-the-supermarket-price-wars-20110408-1d7g6.html Eweje,  G., & Perry,  M. (2011). Business and sustainability: Concepts, strategies and changes. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. Forstater,  M. (2007). Economics. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. Krugman,  P.  R., & Wells,  R. (2009). Economics. New York: Worth Publishers. Supermarket price war moves into mobile phone market | Business | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/aug/20/telecoms.supermarkets Wallner,  K., & Centre for Economic Policy Research (Great Britain). (2001). Price wars in finite sequential move price competition. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Wan,  K.  K. (2006). From micro to macro quantum systems: A unified formalism with superselection rules and its applications. London: Imperial College Press. Wessels,  W.  J. (2006). Economics. Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s. Worthington,  I., & Britton,  C. (2006). The business environment. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Source document

Leadership,strategy&change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership,strategy&change - Assignment Example Apple has risen to be world’s best business organisation in the areas of manufacturing, designing and selling consumer electronics, PCs and computer software (Hertzfeld 2004). Initially, the company was a market leader in the production of Mac personal computers with the company deriving success in introducing new features based on consumer preferences. However, Apple has sought to diversify into other markets within the technology-based industry as it released the iPod (world’s first media player device), the iPhone series of phones which are recognized as pioneer smart phone and the the iPad tablet computers. These innovations were also directed towards consumer software products such as the OS X and iOS operating systems followed by a customized media browser, web browser (Safari), iTunes, and a number of creative suites including iWork and iLife (Fisher 2008). These technological moves ensured Apple moved from being a solely personal computer manufacturer to recogni tion as leading producer of operating software, consumer electronics and consumer software (Young and Simon 2005. Apple is one of the technology driven companies that have had the greatest impact in the consumer electronics industry although there some challenges along the way. One of the greatest challenges that Apple successfully weathered is the threat of bankruptcy the company faced in 1997 but a number of changes and strategies have over the years led to change of fortune with the company returning to solvency. The company’s transformation has been noted to be a result of transformations that led to profitable operations as the management focused on production of consumer electronics based on high standards of innovation, prestige and quality. Consumer loyalty has played a significant role in the turnaround as Apple focuses on launching features that captivates the interests of

Superbugs and misusage of antibiotics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Superbugs and misusage of antibiotics - Essay Example However, the common used of antibiotics is for bacterial resistance. The discovery of antibiotics was only possible in the 19th century (History Learning Site 2013). One of the main contributors to the development of antibiotics was Alexander Fleming. He accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 from a culture plate of Staphylococcus bacteria (FAS n.d.). The culture plate had been left unattended during a two weeks vacation and became invested with Penicillium notatum mold (FAS n.d.). In the plate, he noted there was a clear space surrounding the yellow green mould. The observation led to a postulate that Penicillin was capable of limiting bacteria growth (FAS n.d.). In later periods, other researchers took over and were able to purify penicillin. Moreover, there was more production of penicillin in pharmaceuticals industries for treatment of soldiers during World War II (FAS n.d.). Consequently, penicillin was used in the treatment of pneumonia, diphtheria, syphilis, gonorrhoea, an d many other infections (FAS n.d.). Since this period, there has been the emergence of various antibiotics. On the other hand, there has been increased use of antibiotics in hospitals and patients. As a result, the constant use and reliance on antibiotics have led to their abuse. Consequently, this has led to antibiotics resistance with disastrous consequences to the community and health care sector. One of such bacteria is Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The bacteria have been popular especially in British hospitals. A study carried out showed that MRSA bacteria in the United Kingdom were more than 15 times as compared to the safest countries (Marsh 2013). A reflection on MRSA helps in highlighting its impact, ways of spread, treatment, prevention and public health participation by society and politician. The antibiotic resistance has become an area of concern. The resistance occurs when strains of bacteria in the human or animal body becomes resistant to antibi otics due to poor use and abuse of antibiotics (American College of Physicians (ACP) 2013). Some of the resistance develops in hospitals. This is because in hospitals, there is usually administration of millions of doses of antibiotics in a day (ACP 2013). As a result, there is increased chance of developing resistance in hospital as compared to other sectors. Moreover, some of the prescription may be faulty. This may occur as the doctors prescribe the use of antibiotics for cold, coughs and other viral infections (Pechere 2001). On the other hand, there are those individuals that demand physicians to authorize the use of antibiotics just because of common cold. Moreover, other gets antibiotics over the counter. Consequently, most of antibiotics are taken for control of viral infection instead of bacterial disease. Therefore, failure to test by physicians leads to increased dose of antibiotics taken for viral disease. Consequently, majority of antibiotics are abused and misused. On the other hand, failure to complete the dosage of antibiotics as prescribed by doctor lead to the development of resistance (ACP 2013). Therefore, the improper use and abuse of antibiotics has contributed significantly to the development of antibiotic resistance (ACP 2013). Various types of superbug have emerged today. One example is the Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 2000). However, its problem arose in 1996 as it was in hospital patients in Australia (ABC

Out-of Control Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Out-of Control Interview - Assignment Example By Maria being able to take a job as a waitress in a hotel yet she’s such an intelligent person just shows how non-selective she is when it comes to doing anything to survive. She’s therefore depicted as one who is driven by her goals and will do anything to achieve her goals. He can be useful to the organization in case Maria was employed there since she will ensure she does what it takes in order to achieve what they want. On the part of the carelessness of the firm’s management with their questions, it actually reflected a well-thought interview, most interviews are known for just touching on what they people expect out of the interview such as questions about one’s career, skills, and experience. A person is always prepared fully to even tell a lie when it comes to testing them on the usual aspect they expected out of an interview. Therefore, for the management to really realize your real character, thought and skills of critical thinking, it is very i mportant that they make the interview appear like they are not even serious with it or have careless questions in between. In this way, one will be taken out of their already thought answers that might not be true, to give exactly what you are to the panel. As you try to respond to the careless questions they throw at you, they also get the chance to study your reaction that gives them a chance to make their informed decision about you. Maria must have regarded the carelessness of the management seriously and decided to be herself in responding to such questions.

EEOC Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EEOC - Research Paper Example Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) This paper shall present the case where the EEOC files a case against the owner of 42 McDonald’s restaurants for sexual harassment and retaliation for the benefit of several women, including teenage girls, who were abused at the McDonald’s fast-food restaurant located at Reedsburg, against male employees who violated the federal civil rights by creating a hostile work environment of sexual harassment against the female employees. Summary â€Å"This complaint was filed by to represent a class of women who were victims of sexual harassment of male co-workers who subjected them to sexual comments, sexual propositions, or physical touching. In the complaint, there was also an allegation that the female workers were fired by the employer as a form of retaliation for punishing the victims for complaining about the sexually hostile work environment in their office. Due to the unbearable stress and emotional torture that the femal e workers had to go through, at least one female employee was forced to quit resign from work to relieve her of the miserable work place†. (eeoc.gov). ... stigation report, it was shown that the male workers actually made sexual comments about the body parts of their female co-workers, and touched them in an inappropriate and malicious manner. The report further indicated that several of the victims were only teenaged high school students. The lawsuit filed by EEOC arose from the discrimination complaints filed by three former employees of the McDonald’s fast food in Reedsburg. â€Å"In total, Missoula Mac owns and operates 42 McDonald’s restaurants in Wisconsin. After failing to reach a voluntary out-of-court settlement through mediation-conciliation procedure, the EEOC finally sued the company. The agency sought for lost wages and compensatory and punitive damages on behalf of the women who were harassed, retaliated by the company, and injunctive relief to prevent further discriminatory practices within the workplace. The complaint was filed before the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin in Madiso n, with caption  EEOC v. Missoula Mac, Inc† (eeoc.gov). Functions of EEOC â€Å"The office of the EEOC’ in Chicago District Office shall be in charge of for the processing of complaints for discrimination, enforcement of administrative issues, and shall supervise the conduct of litigation of the agency of the several states, namely: Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin with some areas in Milwaukee and Minneapolis† (eeoc.gov.). Role of EEOC in the Lawsuit The role of the agency is to represent employees who have been discriminated by their employers by reason of â€Å"race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin or genetic information. The administrative enforcement of the office receives, investigates, and resolves charges of employment discrimination filed against

Strategic Marketing Plan Starbucks in Asia Case Study

Strategic Marketing Plan Starbucks in Asia - Case Study Example whilst walking from his hotel to the conference centre, Schultz spotted an espresso bar and went in to have a look . a few blocks away he entered another espresso coffee bar. In the after that a few blocks away , he saw two other espresso bars. Schultz was on the whole struck by the reality that there were one thousand and five hundred espresso coffee bars in Milan, a city approximately the size of Philadelphia, and a totality of one fifth of one million in the entire of Italy. His mind started churning. Schultz left Starbucks two decade before. The first Il Giornale store opened two decade before in April. It had a mere seven hundred square feet and was located near the entrance of Seattle's tallest building. The first Starbucks locality outside of North America is in Tokyo, and Starbucks is in thirty other countries as well. Industry analysts saw Starbucks as being well on its way to turning into a well known company. Every next year company improves its financial position. Current ratio and Acid test ratio show company strong liquidity position, company has more than double assets to pay his current liabilities. Company long term debt to equity ratio decreased that show company pay off his long term debt. Gross profit margin increase and return on total assets also increase that show proper use of assets. Total assets turnover and shareholder's equity turnover also increase that show company better performance and attract investors to invest their capital in that company, because their funds used properly and firm maximize their wealth every year. Star Bucks posted nearly 18% jump in fiscal 2007 first-quarter profit, helped by record store openings and strength internationally, and backed its targets for the year. The Seattle-based coffee shop operator also said it activated 30% more gift cards and sales of food drove U.S. retail results. Net income for the first quarter 2007 rose to $205 million, or 26 cents a share, from $174.2 million, or 22 cents a share, in the year-ago period. Quarterly revenue rose 21.8% to $2.36 billion. (http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/starbucks-profit-jumps-nearly-18/story.aspxguid=%7BBF2BD3DC-6862-4B81-96A1-A19B5A8A10E0%7D) Star Bucks Asia 2. Corporate Strategy 2.1. Objective and Aims Starbucks' foremost objective is to ascertain itself as the most recognized and esteemed brand in the world. The company plans to continue to expand its outlets all over the world, grow its retail sales, introduce new products and develop new distribution channels in order to achieve its objective. The company's aim is to become the leading coffee brand in every target market by selling high quality products, providing good services and building relationships among customers, employees and the company (Brown 1997). Also, the company aims to build its outlets as customers' "third place", which means it is the place where customers can relax from work or home. 2.2. Internal Operations Starbucks' internal operations can be divided into two parts: Retail and Specialty. The Retail division is governed directly by

Women's Education in Utah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's Education in Utah - Essay Example As per the Utah culture, girls should get married at a young age. Contextually, because majority of the population follows the same tradition, young girls getting engaged in house-keeping and looking after their family, restrain themselves from college education. Even though globalization and modernization has enhanced the social structure to a large extent, promoting women in various fields and encouraging them to take part in higher education in Utah, the society and its women still lack way behind in comparison to other states of United America (Madsen and Hanewicz, 1-2). This thesis will thus aim to assess the complexity of the problem barricading Utah women to pursue higher education in colleges, emphasizing two solutions and their justifications to derive a rational conclusion. COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM The major complexity associated with the identified problem of lower proportion women pursuing college education in Utah, has been the identification of the rudimental causes. N otably, developments can be witnessed in almost every prospect of the Utah society today with better health facilities, women centric non-profit programs and other governmental measures to empower women populaces for better sustainable economic growth. However, the percentage of women getting education at the college level is observed to be marginally lower than the average rate in the US states. One possible reason to this problem might be the culture of getting married at young age. Certainly, getting married at a young age may give rise to complexities owing to which, they sometimes may suffer the state of depression, which further disassociates them from studies. Additionally, it has been observed that women of Utah suffer a lot due to low self-esteem. The priority in the lives of women of Utah is their sense of responsibilities towards their family and child that has arguably curbed their interests for pursuing higher education to a certain extent. Furthermore, young girls are often observed to lack open-minded nature for growth to lead an independent life with a sense of pride. Also, the upbringing of girls in the Utah culture is performed in a family oriented manner, decreasing the value for higher education in their lives. Owing to similar reasons, women who tend to study higher education face many issues in the colleges, such as the low level of confidence, lack of motivation and support from the family mostly because of the cultural factors prevailing within the society. Additionally, due to many cultural factors and the typical mindset of the people, women with higher education have to face difficulties in getting a job in Utah. Hence, women who have the urge to groom themselves tend to move outside Utah and prefer to get education, employment and better earning opportunities in their livelihood outside the state (Jacobs, 170-177). FIRST PROPOSAL A possible solution to this problem can be done by stimulating change drivers in the social structure of Utah to discourage marriage at a very young age, by giving more importance to women education and by motivating them to realize their importance in every aspect of life. The problem can also be resolved by creating awareness in Utah for women to seek postsecondary credentials and grades for convenient wage careers, successful household- and homebuilding, involvement in society as an educated community associate, and also for personal satisfaction. In addition, steps can be taken to encourage distance education so that women can keep a balance between their family and education facing lesser hindrances from the society. It is also recommended that the Governor’s office should form and promote a Utah Centre for Women and Higher Education which will be used as a â€Å"

India and Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

India and Pakistan - Essay Example India has struggled for survival form various invaders from different religions. All invaders tried their best to loot the rich properties India possessed during period of their invasion. The first Anglo-French war took place in the year 1748. Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-aulah was defeated the English in the Battle of Plassey in the year 1757. Again there was a war between French and the English defeated the French. In the year 1761, the ruler of Afghanistan, Ahmed shah Abadi conquered the Marathas great warriors in the Battle of Panipat third. The English gained the Rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in the year 1765. Clive Lord has become Governor in Bengal during this period. There was a first Mysore war during 1767-69 between the British and Hyder Ali of Mysore. The English had secured the Northern circars in the year 1766. The British in their parliament passed the Regulatory Act in the 1773. Warren Hastings has ascended the chair of Governor of Bengal in the year 1772. The first Anglo-Maratha was taken place during the period 1775-1782. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in the year 1780 that had struggled with the British for safeguarding his people in the second Mysore war; the English defeated the Hyder Ali during the period 1780-84. ... The English ahs crushed the Marathas in the second Anglo-Marathas war at Assaye. Sir Arthur Wellesley led the English. Lord William Bentick became the Governor General of Bengal in the year 1828 who had subsequently, successfully brought prohibition of sati in the year 1829 in to force by removing age old customs followed by the people of North in particular this Act was welcomed by most of the communities in India and gave them a sounding support. During the period 1845-46, the English defeated the Sikhs after the death of Maharaja Ranjit singh who died in the year 1839. Lord Dalhousie has become the Governor General of Bengal in the year 1848. First Indian Railway was laid form Bombay to thane in the year 1868. In the year 1858, Indian Government was taken over by the British crown. The important Acts such as Indian penal code, Indian councils and Indian High Courts came into existence and force. The queen of England has proclaimed the empress's of India in the year 1877. The Briti shers gave Mysore state back to their original rules in the year 1881.In the year 1911, the imperial capital shifted form Calcutta to Delhi, The First World War broke out in the year 1914. The Indian National congress consisting of Hindus and Muslims had made Annie Besant as the president in the year 1917. Montague reforms committee offered limited provincial autonomy Indians in the year 1919. In this year the massacre was broke out in Jallianwala bagh where some hundreds Sikhs were killed by the British in a congregation. The Indian national congress gave a call to observe movement, non-cooperation. British clothiers were burnt. Students did not attend colleges. Lawyers left the practice in the courts in the year

Doing Psychotherapy Essay Example for Free

Doing Psychotherapy Essay The book entitled â€Å"Doing Psychotherapy† written by Dr. Michael Franz Basch is renowned as a functional guide that could be used in implementing effective psychotherapy. As such, this book is considered as an insightful composition that is profound in such a manner that it clearly renders factual actions and activities as to how such psychiatric therapy works. Distinct from any other book with the same topic, Dr. Michael Basch’s opus about psychotherapy is not only a representation of his brilliant ideas and views with regard to the relationship between the therapist and its patient but also serves as an essential demonstration of the real occurrence in psychotherapy. Dr. Michael Franz Basch is a Professor of Psychotherapy at Rush Medical College and also serves as a Supervising Analyst at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis (Basch, 1980). In addition to this, he also works as an attending Psychiatrist at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center (Basch, 1980). Overview of the Mechanism and Tools The ccomprehensive interpersonal relationship and open communication between the therapist and the patient is one of the major mechanisms presented in the book as this is essential to bring about change. In here, the author gives an emphasis on the behavior of the therapist in which he said that psychoanalyst must not have personal bias and control their emotions against the actions of their client to be able to initiate change in psychotherapy and render positive results for their patients. Moreover, the book has also utilized various system based from reliable clinical protocol without the exclusion of the unavoidable mistakes which the therapist may commit. As such, the book has utilized a profound mechanism in providing the reader a therapeutic discussion through the method used in presenting factual experiences, which essentially occurs in the actual treatment of psycho cases with varying difficulty. Likewise, the author concentrates in discussing the treatment for the patients with light cases that normally receives little concern and are generally disregarded in most of the training guides, but requires essential attention as the personal relationships of these patients are normally unsatisfying, disturbed and habitually unhelpful. Critiques and Concepts Presented In the book, the author clearly states his concept that the quality of the relationship between the psychotherapist and the client is an essential factor in which it has a greater influence in achieving helpful outcomes on the client’s end. As such, this concept tells that a good relationship between the client or patient and the therapist is more inclined to achieve a positive outcome. In addition to this, the author said that in designing psychotherapy, the process of diagnosis must be done accordingly. Hence, the treatment process must be in line with the condition and diagnosis of the client. From a personal point of view, such concepts in psychotherapy may not be as effective as it is perceived by just relying on the stability of relationship between the two parties and the definition of the case. Hence, this should be well-supported with the accorded clinical protocols towards the treatment of psycho disorder. With this, it can be said that a more helpful and positive outcome for the patients as well as for the entire process of therapy is within reach. Conclusion In the end, the approach of Dr. Michael Franz Basch that have developed for the past decades of practicing and teaching in the field psychotherapy is indeed logical and dynamic in which he evidently states that management of the transference relationship is a positive stepping stone for the treatment process. As such, most of his teachings and concepts presented in the book are evidently modern in which his thoughts evades the stiffness that is often associated with the classical psychoanalytical position and seems to be an integration of various techniques from the different disciplines of therapy. Hence, Dr. Basch emphasizes in his concepts that building on the patient’s strengths is more essential and helpful towards effective psychotherapy, rather than concentrating on studying the illness or condition of the patient. Nonetheless, the book â€Å"Doing Psychotherapy† is indeed functional in serving as an ideal guide for the professionals engaged in clinical work. Reference Basch M. (1980). Doing Psychotherapy. Michigan. Basic Books

Climate Change Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Term Paper Essay Are we a burden to the society or a blessing? , We are the ones who will choose our own way, but we must see to it that the path that we are heading will not lead us to destruction. Many youth of today are engaging in worthless things like vices: smoking, drinking, alcohols, using drugs and etc. we are not aware that those things are just a waste of time, money and most of all it will ruin our future. We became a burden to our family and to our surrounding instead of being a blessing to them, as a child to their parents our responsibility is to make them happy as our payment for their sacrifice and efforts to raise us, we owe out lives to them. Make yourselves worthy to live the life that is given to you by the creator, don’t waste it, for our lives are precious. Let us open our eyes and mind and focus on the things that have worth and not on things that have worth and not on things that will destroy our lives. True happiness can only be found in our precious creator Jesus Christ, if you are searching for peace and love goes to him and he will give it all, and you’ll realize that this world will not give you satisfaction, it will only be found in him.

The Beautiful Mountain In Indonesia History Essay

The Beautiful Mountain In Indonesia History Essay Mount is a form of land protruding above the surrounding area. A mountain is usually higher and steeper than a hill, but they are having similarity and usage often depends on local custom. Some authorities define a mountain with a peak of more than a certain amount; for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica requires elevation 2000 feet (610 m) to be defined as a mountain. Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on usage among the local people. Other definitions of mountain include: * Height over base of at least 2,500 * Height over base of 1500-2500m with a slope greater than 2 degrees * Height over base of 1000-1500m with a slope greater than 5 degrees * Local (radius 7 km) elevation greater than 300m, or 300-1000m if local (radius 7 km) elevation is greater than 300m. By this definition, mountains cover 64% of Asia, 25% of Europe, 22% of South America, 17% of Australia, and 3% of Africa. As a whole, 24% of the Earths land mass is mountainous and 10% of people live in mountainous regions. Most of the worlds rivers are fed from mountain sources, and more than half of humanity depends on mountains for water. High mountains, as well as those located close to the Earths poles, reach into the colder layers of the atmosphere. They are consequently subject to glaciations, and erosion through frost action. Such processes produce the peak shape. Some of these mountains have glacial lakes, created by melting glaciers; for example, there are an estimated 3,000 glacial lakes in Bhutan. Mountains can be eroded and weathered, altering their characteristics over time. Tall mountains have different climatic conditions at the top than at the base, and will thus have different life zones at different altitudes. The flora and fauna found in these zones tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable to those organisms. These isolated ecological systems are known as sky islands and/or microclimates. Mountains are colder than lower ground, because the Sun heats Earth from the ground up. The Suns radiation travels through the atmosphere to the ground, where Earth absorbs the heat. Air closest to the Earths surface is, in general, warmest. Air temperature normally drops 1 to 2 degrees Celsius for each 300 meters (1000 feet) of altitude. Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands; the weather is often harsher, and there is little level ground suitable for agriculture. At very high altitudes, there is less oxygen in the air and less protection against solar radiation (UV). Acute mountain sickness (caused by hypoxia a lack of oxygen in the blood) affects over half of lowlanders who spend more than a few hours above 3,500 meters (11,483 ft). Mountains and mountain ranges throughout the world have been left in their natural state, and are today primarily used for recreation, while others are used for logging, mining, grazing, or see little use. Some mountains offer spectacular views from their summits, while others are densely wooded. Summit accessibility is affected by height, steepness, latitude, terrain, weather. Roads, lifts, or tramways affect accessibility. Hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, rock climbing, ice climbing, downhill skiing, and snowboarding are recreational activities enjoyed on mountains. Mountains that support heavy recreational use (especially downhill skiing) are often the locations of mountain resorts. Mountains can be characterized in several ways. Some mountains are volcanoes and can be characterized by the type of lava. Other mountains are shaped by glacial processes and can be characterized by their glaciated features. Still others are typified by the faulting and folding of the Earths crust, or by the collision of continental plates via plate tectonics (the Himalayas, for instance). Finally, the type of rock that makes up their composition can characterize mountains. The movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic movement or epeirogenic movement, usually produces a mountain. The compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. The absolute heights of features termed mountains and hills vary greatly according to an areas terrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity. Two types of mountain are formed depending on how the rock reacts to the tectonic forces block mountains or fold mountains. Compressional forces in continental collisions may cause the compressed region to thicken, so the upper surface is forced upward. In order to balance the weight of the earth surface, much of the compressed rock is forced downward, producing deep mountain roots [see the Book of Earth, Press and Siever page.413]. Mountains therefore form downward as well as upward (see isostasy). However, in some continental collisions part of one continent may simply override part of the others, crumpling in the process. Volcanoes, including many apparently small islands that reach a great height above the ocean floor, produced some isolated mountains. Block Mountains are created when large areas are widely broken up by faults creating large vertical displacements. This occurrence is fairly common. The uplifted blocks are Block Mountains or horsts. The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley. These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned. The mid-ocean ridges are often referred to as undersea mountain ranges due to their bathymetric prominence. Rock that does not fault may fold, either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The up folds are anticlines and the down folds are synclines: in asymmetric folding their may also be recumbent and overturned folds. The Jura Mountains are an example of folding. Over time, erosion can bring about an inversion of relief: the soft up thrust rock is worn away so the anticlines are actually lower than the tougher, more compressed rock of the synclines. As in the world have many beautiful mountains. So, according to the previous research there are some beautiful mountains with their special character, which located in Indonesia and usually interesting to visit. For the first mountain, that it will be explained is mount Jayawijaya, The highest mountain in Indonesia. Jayawijaya also a mountain covered with snow. Because of that, Mount Jayawijaya make Indonesia to be proud have that mountain. Puncak Jayawijaya or a shorter called Puncak Jaya has reached the height of approximately 4884 meters above sea level. Stretched lengthwise in the middle of the province of West Papua and Papua (Indonesia) to Papua New Guinea Newguinea on with coordinate S 04 °04.733 and E 137 °09.572. Puncak Jaya also called Carstensz Pyramide comes from name a Dutch adventurer named Carstenz January, he was the first seeing snow in the mountain area. Jan Carstensz makes observations through an ocean liner in 1623. Because cannot be determined by direct observation, the report was considered ridiculous. Because for Europeans, found the snowy mountains in the tropics is something that almost impossible. The truth of the Carstensz report revealed after almost three hundred years later, when in 1899 dutch expedition made a Papua Island map and found the snow covered a mountain like Carstensz report said. To honor Carstensz, so the peak of that mountain named as the name implies. Recorded the first climbers ever to conquer the Puncak Jaya is the expedition team led by Heinrich Harrer in 1962. Heinrich Harrer is an excellent climber and seasoned authors. His famous book, Seven Years in Tibet, is the true story of wanderings and friendship in the Himalayas, Tibet. Before Harrer, actually have a lot of other climbers who try to climb, but no one has ever succeeded. After Heinrich Harrer, following the expedition of Indonesia made it to the top. The expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel Hamid Azwar Topography of the Directorate of the Army is successfully achieving Puncak Jaya in 1964. Jayawijaya Mountain is known as one of the seven highest peaks in the world (seven summit). Therefore, mount Jayawijaya is the ideals of true climbers, let alone climbing into the Puncak Jaya is the subjugation of the snow-covered mountain. Presented obstacles in the climb, such as a steep natural condition, very cold temperatures, strong winds and rain, and the lack of oxygen at altitude areas is a challenge to be conquered by the climbers. Puncak Jaya is one of the snowy mountain peaks in crossing the equator, except in the mountains in Africa and Latin America. When viewed from the air, Puncak Jaya looks like a black carpet covered by a white hood. If the sun was bright, the snow will reflect blinding sunlight. Content of ice in the mountains is expected to reach 5 percent of world reserves of ice outside the continent of Antarctica. However, due to global warming, that amount from year to year increasingly shrinking. If viewed from the type of glacier into the types of Alpine Glaciation, the flow of glaciers that flow from a high to a lower area. Therefore, in this area have made possible the flow of the glacier. Not only enjoy the natural charm of snow in the tropics, in the mountains tourists can also witness direct geological evidence about the history of the formation of Jayawijaya Mountains. Geological studies found empirical evidence that this mountain was originally a deep sea floor. A geologist named Francis Benedict in Margotomo http://www.e-samarinda.com Widodo said that the formation of the island of Papua with a peak in the IDR occurred about 60 million years ago. The island is formed from sedimentary rocks, which rose due to plate collision Indo-Pacific and Indo-Australian on the seabed, resulting in raised seabed became a large island. The evidence can be seen from the fossil marine animals left in the rocks Jayawijaya Mountains. Therefore, besides being a paradise for hikers, this region is also a paradise for geological research. If exploring the mountains of Mining, of course the main thing is to prepare the physical readiness, supplies, and logistics. Exercise regularly in an area with a fairly cold temperature is one of the most effective conditioning to avoid the threat of hypothermia (hypothermia), which is due to heat loss in the temperate regions, very cold. In addition, the licensing aspect should also be prepared long before the ascent fingers. Because, apart from the heavy terrain, Papua region often hit by riots, tribal warfare, natural disasters and other disorders. The difficulty of licensing to climb the roof of Indonesia This often led to expressions of satire: more difficult than taking care of his permission to climb the mountain. Given the weight of climbing terrain, complex licensing process, as well as security guarantees during the ascent, the climbers should use the services of an experienced travel agent. Various travel agents who have international reputations have provided two route options, the classic route through the Village Ilaga, or line kedia more comfortable with a helicopter ride to the Basecamp Hill Lake (Lake Valley). Travel agent will usually handle the issue of licensing, transportation from Jakarta to Papua, renting a helicopter to the base camp, climbing guide, insurance, and training and conditioning team before the climb. Of course, the cost per person for a climbing team using travel agent services requires considerable cost, which is about 10,000 USD per person (or about one hundred million rupiah). The next, it will be mount Tangkuban Perahu. As known mount Tangkuban Perahu has a unique legend. Tangkuban perahu or Tangkuban parahu according to the Sundanese dialect is a volcano, type stratovulcano. Tangkuban perahu is 25 km from Lembang, Bandung with the coordinate 6 °46à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²S 107 °36à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²E »Ã‚ ¿ /  »Ã‚ ¿6.77 °S 107.60 °E »Ã‚ ¿ / -6.77; 107.60. Its location is in between Sagalaherang village, Sagalaherang district, Subang regency and Cikole village, Lembang district, Bandung regency. Tangkuban perahu has height about 2084 meter (837 feet), with the last eruption in 1983. Mount Tangkuban Perahu is the easiest hike route. This stratovolcano offers many places to see and explore. Whether we look into the huge crater or hike down into it, stroll through the forest on its slopes, or simply enjoy the splendid panoramic scenery. Mt. Tangkuban Perahu is an interesting destination that everyone in the Bandung area is fond of visiting. Based on experience, is better to visit Mt. Tangkuban Perahu in the morning. Its still quite, cold weather, even still in the base ground before you going up to the mountain. Many people said that if going into hike down, could find a huge crater, which many sulfur inside. The huge crater is also the main tourism spot. Its look likes a little lake with hot surface that feel like in the spa. Its rather hot in that huge crater. Visitor can relax awhile boil egg. But, visitor must aware with the hot gas from explosion holes. Each mountain has urban legend for their name, or how it does created so does mount Tangkuban perahu. Mt. Tangkuban perahu named and created referring to the local legend. Is told that king Sungging Perbangkara go hunting. In the middle of forest, king threw urine, which deposited in caring leaves. A female pig named Wayungyang the middle of an ascetic to become a man had to drink urine. Wayungyang pregnant and gave birth to a beautiful baby. The king brings that baby to the castle and king gave her name Dayang Sumbi or Rarasati. A lot of kings want to marry her, but no one Dayang sumbi accept to be her husband. Thats making the kings warring among themselves. Dayang Sumbi ask permitted from her father to leaving and go to the hill accompany with a male dog named Tumang. When she was busy weaving, piston, which used to weave the cloth, fell to the bottom. Dayang Sumbi felling lazy, uttered the word without the second thought before, she promised to get anyone who found that piston-sex male, would be her husband. Tumang found that piston and give to Dayang Sumbi. Then, Tumang become her husband. Dayang Sumbi was shocking when knew Tumang is the incarnation of gods. Another gods was cursed Tumang because disobedience. In short time, Dayang Sumbi pregnant and eventually gave birth to a handsome baby named Sangkuriang. Sangkuriang never know that Tumang is the incarnation of gods and also his father. Sangkuriang is very fond of hunting. He was hunting accompanied with Tumang. When Sangkuriang hunting in the forest instructed to pursue the Tumang Wayungyang sow. Tumang not want to follow his orders, then Sangkuriang killed Tumang. Sangkuriang give heart of the Tumang to Dayang Sumbi, then cooked and eaten. Dayang Sumbi never know that she already ate her husbands heart until she wonder where the dog going. At last, Sangkuriang confess that he killed Tumang and that heart was Tumangs heart. Dayang Sumbi anger was rising to the fore head beaten with hit Sangkuriangs head with the rice spoon made from coconut shell, so his head have a scar. Dayang Sumbi cast away Sangkuriang for killed her husband. In her sadness she granted the power of eternal youth by the gods. Sangkuriang go wandering around the world. After a long walk to the east finally arrived in the west again and unknowingly has arrived back in place Dayang Sumbi, where his mother was. Sangkuriang not know that the beautiful princess who was found Dayang Sumbi his mother. Sangkuriang fell in love with Dayang Sumbi and planned to marry her, only for Dayang Sumbi to recognize his scar just as he was about to go hunting. In order to prevent the marriage from taking place, Dayang Sumbi asked Sangkuriang to build a dam on the river Citarum and build a large boat to cross the river, both before the sunrise. Sangkuriang meditated and summoned mythical ogre-like creatures -buta hejo or green giant(s)- to do his bidding. Dayang Sumbi saw that the tasks were almost completed and called on her workers to spread red silk cloths east of the city, to give the impression of impending sunrise. Sangkuriang was fooled, and upon believing that he had failed, kicked the dam and the unfinished boat, res ulting in severe flooding and the creation of Tangkuban perahu from the hull of the boat. Sangkuriang pursued Dayang Sumbi a sudden disappeared in Gunung Putri and turned into a Jaksi flower. Sangkuriang after arriving at a place called the Edge Berung finally disappeared into the spirit world (ngahiyang). The next mountain it will be mount Krakatau, as known Krakatau have an amazing eruption. Krakatau is a volcano that still active and located in Sunda strait of Indonesia, between Java Island and Sumatra. Its type is volcanic caldera. Krakatau rises 813 meters (2,667 feet) above sea level. This name has been pinned on the summit of the volcano there is, because the eruption on August 26th-27th 1883, then vanished. The explosion very powerful and the resulting tsunami killed around 36,000 people. Until December 26th 2004, this tsunami is the most powerful in Indian Ocean region. The explosion heard even in Alice Springs, Australia and Rodriguez Island 4.653 kilometers near Africa. The yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. Krakatau eruption caused global climate change. World had dark during two and a half day due to volcanic ash that surround the atmosphere. The sun was dreary enough until next year. Ash scatter looks in Norwegian sky to New York. Krakatau Explosion actually still loses compare with Toba Mount and Tambora Mount explosion. Whereas in New Zealand Tanpo Mount and Katmal Mount in Alaska. However that mountain explode long time when human population still very little. Meanwhile Krakatau eruption, human population already dense enough, science and technology are evolved. Telegraph was found and submarine cable has been installed. Thus we can say that moment of information technology is growing and growing rapidly. Noted that the eruption of Krakatau was the first major disaster in the world after the discovery of submarine telegraph. Progress is, unfortunately, has not been matched by progress in the field of geology. The geologist was not even able to give an explanation of these eruptions. Look around mount Krakatau region in Sunda strait, experts estimated that in ancient time there is a huge mount in Sunda strait which finally extreme explode and gave rest a caldera (huge crater) called Ancient Mount Krakatau which is the main of eruption mount Krakatau in 1883. This mount is composed of andesitic rocks. Note on the Ancient Krakatoa eruption taken from an ancient Javanese text, entitled Library Parwa King estimated dating from 416 AD. It contained among other states: There was thunder booming voice came from Mount Batuwara. There is also a frightening shock earth, darkness, thunder and lightning. Then came the storm of wind and rain and all the terrible storms darkened the entire world. A great flood came from Batuwara Mountain and flows east to Mount Kamula. When water drowning, the island of Java, separated into two, creating the island of Sumatra Geologists Berend George Escher and the other some argue that natural event as told in that text which called Mount Batuwara. Based on that Library King Parwa book, Krakatau height reach 2,000 meters above sea level, and circumstance the sea reach 11 kilometers. Due to the great explosion, three-quarters of the body destroyed leave the rest caldera (a large crater) in Sunda strait. The sides or edge crater, known as Rakata Island, Panjang Island and Sertung Island. This explosion was point out the responsibility for the occurrence of the dark ages on earth. Bubonic disease occurred due to cold temperature. This disease is significantly decrease human population on the earth. The eruption was also considered contributing to the end of the heyday of ancient Persia, transmutation Roma kingdom to Byzantium, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of a large Mayan City, Tikal and collapse of the Nazca civilization in South America which enigmatic. The Ancient Krakatau eruption estimated during 10 days with an estimated mass of vomit speeds reach 1 million tons per second. The explosion has formed a shield 20-150 meters thick atmosphere, lower temperature of 10-20 degrees for 5-10 years. Rakata Island, which is one of rest the Ancient Krakatau Mount, and grow in accordance with encouragement from the volcanic bowels of the earth known as Mount Krakatau, made in basaltic rock. Then, two volcanoes in the middle crater, named Danan Mount and Perbuwatan later merged with Rakata Mount that shown first. This blend mount was called Krakatau Mount. Mount Krakatau had erupted in 1680 produced andesitic lava acid. Moreover in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan active produced lava without explosion. After that time, there is no more volcanic activity in Krakatau until May 20th 1883. In that day, after 200 years of sleep, a little explosion happens in Krakatau. Thats the first sign of eruption will occur in the Sunda Strait. This small explosion followed by small explosions that occurred on 26-27 summits in August 1883. Monday August 27th 1883, exactly 10.20 oclock, that mount was explode. Simon Winchester, a geologist who graduated from Oxford University in England and also the author of National Geographic said that Krakatau Explosion was the biggest, loudest voices and volcanic events of the most devastating in modern human history. Voices of the explosion heard until 4.600 km from the center of the explosion and even 1/8 earth citizen could hear at that time. According to the researchers in University of North Dakota, Krakatau explosion together with Tambora eruption (1815) noted the biggest score of Volcanic Explosives Index (VEI) in modern history. The Guiness Book of Record noted that Krakatau explosion became the most powerful explosion that recorded in history. Krakatau explosion had thrown stones pumice and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cubic miles. A burst of the volcanic dusts reaches 80 km. Hard objects which flew into the air that fell on the plains of Java and Sumatra, even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand. Eruption destroyed Danan Mountain, Mount Perbuwatan and partially Mount Rakata, where a half cone is missing, creates a basin-wide depth of 7 km and 250 meters. Ocean waves rise as high as 40 meters to destroy the villages and anything around coastal area. The tsunami was caused not only because of the eruption but also underwater avalanches. Noted that the number of the dead reached 36.417 people from 295 villages around coastal from Merak (Serang) until Cimalaya in Karawang, west coast of Banten to display on the Island of Cape Panaitan (Ujung Kulon) also Southern part of Sumatra. In Ujung Kulon, the flood went until 15 km to the west. The next day until a few days later, residents Jakarta and Lampung hinterland no longer see the sun. Tsunami waves generated even creeping up to the Hawaiian coast, west coast of Central America and the Arabian Peninsula that 7 thousand miles away. Begin in 1927 or at least 40 years after Mount Krakatau eruption, shown volcanic which as known Krakatau son from ancient caldera area that still active and grow up. Speed of the growth rate about 20 inches per month. Every year it becomes higher 20 feet high and 40 feet wide. Other records mention the high increase about 4 cm per year and if in calculate, so in 25 years later high increase Rakata son reached 7.500 inches or 500 feet higher than 25 years before. The growth rate itself due to material that comes out from of the new belly of the mountain. It this time Son of Krakatau rises about 230 meters above sea level, meanwhile the previous Mount Krakatau rises about 813 meters above sea level. According to Simon Winchester, despite what happened in the first Krakatau live very frightening realities of geology, seismic and tectonic in Java and Sumatra, which will ensure that the strange what happens once in a while will happen again. No one knows exactly when the Son of Krakatau to erupt. Some geologists predict eruptions in will occur between 2015-2083. But the influence of the earthquake in the Indian Ocean base at December 26, 2004 also cannot be ignored. According to Professor Ueda Nakayama one expert Japanese volcano, son of Krakatau is still relatively safe although there are active and frequent small eruptions, there are only certain times of the tourists are prohibited from approaching the area because of the dangers of spit lava of this volcano. Other experts said there is no plausible theory of the Son of Krakatau erupted that will come back. If there is at least 3 century or after 2325 AD. But clearly, the number of victims caused more awesome than the previous eruption. After explanation about mount Krakatau, go to the next mountain it will be mount Rinjani, a favorite for mountain clmbers because of the beauty of the scenery Indonesia. Mount Rinjani is a mountain located in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara. Mountain, which is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with a height of 3726 meters above sea level, it similar in height to Mount Fuji in Japan and located at latitude 8  ° 25 S and 116  ° 28 E. Administratively, this mount is in the area the three of district, which is East Lombok, Central Lombok, and West Lombok. With the height Mount Rinjani, dominating most of the scenery of northern Lombok Island. In the western Rinjani cone there is caldera with area about 3.500m x 4.800 m, extending west towards. Inside this caldera, there is Segera Anak ( Segera = sea, lake) area of 11.000.000 sq m with the depth 230 m. The water that flow from this lake is forming a very beautiful waterfall, flow through away canyon. In Segera Anak there are a lot of goldfish and mujair, so it usually used to fishing. In the eastern of caldera there is New Mount (Mount Barujari) which have a crater with size 170 m x 200 m and rises 2296- 2376 m above sea level. This little mountain eruption since May 2nd 2009 and along May, after also previously erupted in 2004. In 2004, this eruption did not take casualties; the eruption in 2009 has been take indirect 31 casualties. To arrive in Mount Rinjani, climbers can use the direct bus Jakarta to Mataram with across the sea using feri two times. Rinjani have scenery, which is the most beautiful scenery in Indonesia. Every year (june-august) there are a lot of visitor like local residents, college student, nature lovers. Temperature average around 20 0C; the lowest 12 0C. Strong winds are common in August. Besides at the peak, the place that usual in visit is Segera Anak. To reach this location visitor can climb from Senaru village or Sembalun Lawang. Most of climbers love start entry from Sembalun, because it could save 700m altitudes. Sembalun route is quite far but flat, and the weather more heat because trough away desert savanna. Shading cream is highly recommended. From Senaru climb without stop, but the weather is soft because through the forest. From this both locations need time to walk away about 9 hours to the lip of the ridge at height 2700m above sea level. In this place, scenery to the lake, as well as scenery to the out side. From Plawangan Senaru down into the lake through the steep wall to a height of 2000m above sea level that can be gone in 2 hours. In the lake visitor could take a camp and fishing (Carper, Mujair) that a lot. Lombok residents have a tradition visit to Segera Anakan for bathing in hot water pool and fishing. To get to the peak, must take a walk climb the western wall at height 700m and ridge height 1000m taken in 2 steps, 3 hours and 4 hours. The first stage toward Plawangan Sembalun, visit the last camp to wait for the morning. Summit usual attack at 3 oclock morning to find beautiful moment the sun rises at the top of Rinjani. Travel to the peak not too easy, for climbing on the crater lip with a safety margin barely. The tracks are sand, stone, and land. The last height 200m to go with some difficulty, because of one step forward followed with a half step down (fallen rocks gravel). For highlander, this place the most challenging and desirable because of the weight field paid off with the beautiful natural scenery. To climb Rinjani no need tools required, just stamina, patience and passion. After the most beautiful mountain in Indonesia, which is mount Rinjani, the next explanation about mount Galunggung. Mount Galunggung is a stratovolcano with the height 2.167 m above sea level, the location about 17 km from the central of Tasikmalaya. The mountain, which is located in coordinate 7.25 °LS-7 °150LS; 108.058 °BT-108 °330BT, has recorded that Galunggung had erupted in 1882 (VEI = 5). Early signs known eruption in July 1822, in which water becomes turbid Cikunir and muddy. Results of the crater showed that the hot water is murky and sometimes appeared a column of smoke from the crater. Then on October 8 s.d. October 12, the eruption of reddish sand produces rain very hot, fine ash, hot clouds and lava. Lava flow moving toward the southeast following the river flows. This 4011 eruption killed 114 people and destroyed villages, with damage to the land to the east and south as far as 40 km from the top of the mountain. The next eruption occurred in 1894. In between the dates 7-9 October, eruption clouds that produce heat. Then on October 30th and 27th, the lava flows occurred on the same river flows by lava eruption produced in 1822. This time the eruption destroyed 50 villages, most houses collapsed because of falling ash. In 1918, in early July, the next eruptions occur and begin with earthquake. July 6th eruption produces ash 2-5mm thick is limited in the crater and the southern slope. And on July 9, noted the appearance of the lava dome inside the lake crater with a size of 85m-high 560x440m, which was then called mountain so. The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and killed 68 people. This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention, after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary engine failures and damage to exterior surfaces, both planes being forced to make emergency landings at Jakarta. One, a British Airways aircraft carrying 240 passengers, accidentally entered the ash cloud during night in June 1982 150 km downwind of the volcano. All four engines failed and the aircraft descended for 16 minutes, losing 7500 meters of its 11500 meters altitude, until the crew managed to restart the engines. The following month a Singapore Airlines aero plan with 230 passengers aboard also inadvertently entered the cloud at night, and three of its four engines stopped. The crew succeeded in restarting one of the engines after descending 2400 meters. Both aircraft suffered serious damage to their engines and exterior surfaces. A hummocky deposit known as the Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya attracted the attention of early 20th century geologists. Houses were built on the hummocks since they provided good defence against hostile people, and being above the paddy fields were free of mosquitoes and rats. Originally, it was thought that